2024-03-28T17:26:05Z
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=6884
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
THE ICONOGRAPHY OF COPTIC INCENSE BURNER ON THE MURALS OF MONASTERIES
منال
محمود
Incense and incense burner constitute an outstanding part in the Coptic Liturgy, influenced by ancient Egyptian rituals with almost similar concept and symbolism. Many of incense burners, mostly made of bronze, were found with different shapes and decorations like the hollow-dish censer with or without lid, the box censer, and the censer with a handle. Besides these various incense burners which are widely spread in different museums all over the world, the Coptic incense burner is clearly represented on the walls of many monasteries, swung, suspended or placed on a column, forming an important clear item in many monastic murals. These representations of the censer on murals confirm the importance of the incense and incense burner in the Coptic liturgy as symbols of fertility and resurrection, became analogies for The Christ and The Blessed Virgin herself, who held within her womb, as does a censer, the coal of divinity that produced spiritual fragrance filled the ground with the savour of its glorious sweetness.
Incense
IncenseBurner
Censer
Coptic
Iconography
2015
08
01
1
23
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_44089_93351c3e4ccd8a3f1addd0c23e403817.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
THE HISTORY OF THE CAVE-CHURCH IN COPTIC EGYPT
هبة
مجدي
The paper spots the light on the origin of the Cave-Shrine in ancient Egypt: how it appeared in the Pharaonic period, disappeared, and reappeared in the Byzantine period in the so-called the Cave-Church. The researcher classified the Cave-churches founded in Egypt into four categories.
Cave-Church
Pharaonic period
Cave-Shrine
ancient Egypt
2015
08
01
24
46
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45209_5373d9f6a22380c89298ba9a4bb5d237.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
THE ICONOGRAPHY AND FUNCTION OF WINGED GODS IN EGYPT DURING THE GRÆCO-ROMAN PERIOD
ساره السيد
کتات
This research analyzes the iconography and function of winged gods in Græco-Roman Egypt. “Wind deities” appeared as winged scarabs or winged four-headed rams. Osiris was also represented in the shape of a winged scarab, a winged sun disc, or a winged mummy.Harpokrateswas figured with wings on magical stelae and gems. The winged solar disc of Horus Behdety decorates the façade of the Egyptian temples. Moreover, Seth appeared in the form of a winged god in the temple of Hibis. Bes is depictedwith wings on amulets and statuettes. The winged sphinxof Tutu was used to ward off demons. God Chnoubisis also depicted as a winged goat-headed scarab in the Egyptian art. The Greek god Eros appeared as a winged boy on the walls of Stagni tomb in KomEl-Shokafa. Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep, is depicted as a winged youth on Ariadne sarcophagus. The wings of the Egyptian gods spring from their arms or sides unlike the wings of Greek gods which spring only from their backs. The shape of the Egyptian winged gods was employed in protective and magical purposes. On the other hand, Greek gods inspired their winged iconography from their mythic roles.
winged iconography
winged sun disc
winged scarab
2015
08
01
47
70
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45255_1cd4263d55975ea491044ceab3ef6f0c.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ON HOTEL BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY “BRINGING BEST PRACTICES TO IMPROVE THE HOTEL PERFORMANCE”
جيهان نبيل،
هاني عاطف
With increased business and improved technology an Information Technology (IT) System became possible, and then IT became necessary to have a consistent method of tracking and maintaining business operations. Later, as customers’ expectations changed, IT became necessary to ensure consistency of meeting customer needs. At a time of soaring energy costs and fragile financial markets, hotels managers are increasingly looking toward sustainability strategies to save money and to cut claims. Sustainability in any hotel can mean small adjustments or a major reorientation. There is no one size fits all approach to creating a sustainable hotel, but there are specific strategies that have had widespread success. These strategies can be implemented by IT to put the hotel industry on a more sustainable path. Worldwide, hotels are now using IT capabilities to facilitate sustainability. The aim of this study is to draw results that help in knowing the importance of using IT practices in sustaining the hotel business that increase its performance. It also seeks to develop IT to achieve wide range of sustainability that match with this century challenges needs The data gathered revealed the following: - Hotels use practices of information technology systems can get a high-quality performance that help in proper decision-making. - There is a significant relation between the information technology practices and keeping the hotel business sustainable. Based upon the findings of the investigated hotels the following recommendations could be suggested: - Identification and implementation of IT practices can help in building a sustainable competitive advantage for hotels. - IT is crucial in sharing information and empowering executives. - Integrating IT globally in sustainability plans is a key in hotel performance
Information Technology
Sustainability – IT practices –Management Performance
2015
08
01
71
88
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45261_915ba6e651706af91f9344b5c2618d9c.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
EXPLORING THE PERCEPTIONS OF EGYPTIAN HOTEL MANAGEMENT EDUCATORS TOWARD TEACHING ALCOHOL SERVICE
محمد فوزي،
رانيا حافظ
Most of the food and beverage syllabi taught in institutions offering hospitality education cover alcoholic beverages service. Besides teaching this theoretically, practical training on bar work may be provided to give students the needed practical experience preparing them to real work life. However, “alcohol in the class” has been argued as a controversial topic. Teaching alcohol in a country with a Muslim majority could be a sensitive issue. Whereas; Islam prohibits not only alcohol drinking, but also handling it. This presents a contentious issue for those educators responsible for delivering this course. This paper opted to explore how academics perceive teaching alcohol, a topic that was not studied before. An Arabic questionnaire was distributed to a number of educators in public and private universities and institutions delivering hospitality education. The survey covered some personal and background questions, in addition to the survey drinking history, attitudes toward teaching of alcohol service, self-perception of religiosity. Results indicated a difference between male and female educators’ attitudes toward teaching both alcohol service classes and laboratories. However, a correlation between religiosity and attitudes toward teaching is not evident. Furthermore, a significant association between career advice and perceptions of importance of service classes was found. Similarly, the association between career advice and perceptions of importance of service laboratories proved to be statistically significant
Alcohol service
Hotel management
Educators
religion
2015
08
01
89
102
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45268_891cb034d9d0280395e48759fbb169f2.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
COOPETITION STRATEGY AND TOURISM BUSINESS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF EGYPTIAN TOURISM SMES
هالة نبيل
هلالي
Coopetition is a relatively new concept, a concept that emphasizes the simultaneous competition and cooperation between firms. As Coopetition can be useful to increase competency, as well as gain more benefits with less costs (Saraniemi and Kylanen 2010). Therefore it can be used to improve the tourism industry ability in Egypt to withstand disasters and catastrophes. This study investigates the practice of coopetition strategy in the Egyptian tourism industry, as well as discusses the co-existence of competition and cooperation within tourism companies. It also highlights the benefits of this emergent strategy on tourism business. Structured questionnaires were distributed to explore coopetition within Egyptian tourism companies’ key- persons. Data was obtained from 52 small and medium sized businesses operating in Alexandria (Egypt). According to results, SMES that participated in the survey have a positive attitude related to the coopetition strategy. That is, they assess the collaboration with competitors; positively. The study concludes that the surveyed companies apply coopetition within both their functional and strategic levels.
Coopetition
strategic alliances
Competition
collaboration
SMEs
2015
08
01
103
118
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45267_30c4b584a5de80bbec6df6d7e75ba6c6.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION ON TOURISM ENTERPRISES’ PERFORMANCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRAVEL AGENTS AND HOTELS IN EGYPT
محمد سليمان،
محمد شديد
Given the rapid development of competition, organizations are in urgent need for creating viable new concepts, activities, and practices. In recent years, innovation has emerged as a pressing theme for most organizations involved in service industry. Technological innovation competencies are being required in all fields and at all levels in tourism and hospitality industry. This study aims to examine the influence of technological innovation on tourism and hospitality enterprises’ performance in Egypt. Quantitative approach is used to achieve the aim of the study. Questionnaires were distributed and collected from managers in travel agencies category 'A' and five star hotels in Egypt. The main findings of the study are: product and process innovations have a significant effect on production, financial, and market performance of Egyptian travel agents and hotels. This study is useful for tourism and hospitality organizations that are in imperative need to improve their performance. This study is contributing to knowledge by providing insights from tourism and hotel sector in a developing country, Egypt.
Innovation
technological innovation
Travel Agents
Hotels
Egypt
2015
08
01
119
134
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45270_a70a488550ae5ab0f65577f8ba9b2c84.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
ASSESSING THE BALANCED SCORECARD AS A PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IN TRAVEL AGENCIES
حميده عبد السميع
محمد
The balanced scorecard (BSC) has gained its popularity as a performance measurement system in all sectors, such as manufacturing and services. The BSC is built upon four main areas, respectively; learning and growth, internal business process, customer and financial perspectives. The key objective of this research is to examine the applicability of the BSC as a tool for performance measurement at travel agencies in Egypt. The literature introduces the definitions of BSC, its benefits and limitations. The study is exploratory in nature, utilizing online structured questionnaire which is directed to tourism managers. A sample size of (86) managers has been introduced in this research. The main findings of the practical study revealed that even though the BSC measures have been used extensively in the travel agencies, the respondents' managers weren't aware of the BSC concept. That result clarifies that there isn't a relationship between using the measures of BSC and the awareness of that concept. The study also identified the key challenges that could face travel agencies when implementing BSC.
Performance measurement
Balanced Scorecard
performance measurement system
Travel Agencies
strategy mapping
2015
08
01
135
153
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45271_092d4841b22c3283d47b4b7e5c4c77f4.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
التحکيم الالکترونى فى منازعات السياحة الالکترونية
أکمل رمضان، محمد عنتر،
رغدة معوض
نظ ا رً لحداثة الد ا رسات القانونية فى مجال السياحة الالکترونية وندرتها فإن هذا البحث يطرق باباًجديداً علي عقود السياحة الالکترونية وکيفيه حل المنازعات المتعلقه بها ، فيتناول البحث أحدثما ترتب علي ظهور العولمة القانونية فى مجال حل المنازعات العقدية وهو التحکيم الإلکترونىکأحدث الآليات لفض المنازعات الإلکترونية. فمع انتشار السياحة الالکترونية بانتشار التجا رةالالکترونية کان لابد من نشأة قواعد إج ا رئية تحفظ لأط ا رف التعامل الالکترونى حقوقهم الناشئةعنه و تسوية المنازعات بينهم ،و هي قواعد تلاءم الطبيعة الخاصة للوسط الذي يتم التعاملالالکترونى فيه من حيث کونه بيئة الکترونية تتجاوز الحدود الإقليمية للدول غالب اً.هذه القواعد تسوى الن ا زع الناشىء دون اللجوء إلى تعقيدات القضاء العادى ، لذلک بات منطقياًاللجوء إلى الوسائل البديلة و من بينها التحکيم الالکترونى ، باعتباره وسيلة حديثه لها دور ايجابىفعال فى فض منازعات عقود السياحة عموما و الإلکترونية خصوصا ، وهو ما نسعى اليه فىهذا البحث من خلال منهج البحث القانوني الذى يعتمد على التحليل الوصفى و المقارن بهدفتحديد ماهية التحکيم الالکترونى کمصطلح و مفهوم حديث و الوصول إلى فهم الجوانب القانونيةالموضوعية والإج ا رئية المتعلقة به، حتى نضع تحت يد المشرع والمختصين اطا ا ر قانونيا متکامل ومرنا لفض المنازعات السياحيه على النحو الذى قد يکون له أفضل الأثر على التنميه السياحيه فى مصر.
السياحة الالکترونية
فض المنازعات السياحيه
التحکيم الالکترونى
2015
08
01
154
176
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45275_f83a5b586ca836802f6893c2da8c4dc3.pdf
المجلة العلمية لکلية السياحة و الفنادق جامعة الأسکندرية
2314-7024
2314-7024
2015
12
1
دور فکر المسئولية الاجتماعية في تعزيز توجه التسويق المجتمعي لشرکات السياحة وشرکات الطييران بالتطبيق على مصر
سمر محمد سلامة،
هالة نبيل هلالى، أمانى نبيل بشاى
اکتسب مفهوم المسئولية الاجتماعية وتطبيقاته المختلفة أهمية مت ا زيدة في الآونة الأخيرة.فالمسئولية الاجتماعية للشرکات تلزم الشرکة باتخاذ بعض ق ا ر ا رتها بناء علي اهتمامات تتجاوز -ولو جزئيا- مصالحها الاقتصادية أو التقنية، حيث تهتم بالمشکلات الناجمة عن حضور الشرکةفي المشهد الاجتماعي، وتحديد المبادئ الأخلاقية اللازمة لحکم العلاقة بين الشرکة والمجتمع. إلاأن بعض الشرکات السياحية تواجه صعوبات بالغة في الوفاء بمتطلبات المسئولية الإجتماعية.وقد يرجع ذلک إلي الممارسات العشوائية في المسئولية الإجتماعية، أو لعدم وعي الشرکاتالسياحية بمتطلبات المسئولية الإجتماعية أو للظروف غير الداعمة لتنشيط المسئولية الإجتماعيةفي المجتمع.ومن هنا تأتي أهمية هذه الد ا رسة التي تهدف إلى الوقوف على مدي تبني فکر المسئوليةالاجتماعية في شرکات السياحة وشرکات الطي ا رن في مصر ومدى انعکاس ذلک على تطبيقتوجهات التسويق المجتمعي بتلک الشرکات. وما إذا کان تبني مفهوم المسئولية الاجتماعية يقودبالضرورة إلى تعزيز ت وجه التسويق المجتمعي بتلک الشرکات. کما تهدف الد ا رسة أيضا الىالوصول الى مدى وعي العاملين بتلک الشرکات بمفاهيم المسئولية الاجتماعية والتسويق المجتمعي واد ا رکهم للتطبيقات العملية لذلک. کما يتم وضع تصور مقترح لتدعيم تطبيق مفهوم المسئولية الإجتماعية في شرکات السياحة والطي ا رن بمصر
المسئولية الاجتماعية
التسويق المجتمعي
المسئولية الاجتماعية للمؤسسات السياحية
2015
08
01
177
200
https://thalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_45278_ff260637efbe97745b123e791e124d5e.pdf